12 articles
Learn how drinking water treatment converts raw water into safe finished water through treatment barriers such as clarification, filtration, disinfection, chemical adjustment, monitoring, and process control.
Learn how coagulation and flocculation remove fine particles from drinking water and how jar testing helps operators evaluate coagulant dose, pH, mixing, floc formation, and settling.
Learn how sedimentation and clarification remove floc and suspended solids from drinking water, including settling principles, basin operation, sludge removal, hydraulic loading, carryover, and troubleshooting.
Learn drinking water filtration fundamentals, including granular-media filters, turbidity removal, filtration rate, head loss, breakthrough, filter runs, backwashing, ripening, monitoring, and troubleshooting.
Compare drinking water filtration technologies, including slow sand, rapid granular-media, direct, pressure, cartridge, and membrane filtration. Learn how source-water conditions affect treatment selection.
Learn how operators control and troubleshoot surface water treatment by evaluating raw-water changes, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, disinfection, process trends, alarms, and treatment interactions.
Learn groundwater treatment fundamentals, including source-water characteristics, aeration, oxidation, filtration, iron and manganese removal, hardness, dissolved gases, corrosion control, disinfection, monitoring, and troubleshooting.
Learn how drinking water operators control iron and manganese using aeration, oxidation, contact time, filtration, pH control, chemical feed, monitoring, and troubleshooting.
Learn drinking water softening, stabilization, and corrosion control, including hardness, lime softening, ion exchange, pH, alkalinity, scaling, corrosivity, chemical adjustment, monitoring, and troubleshooting.
Learn community water fluoridation fundamentals, including fluoride concentration, feed systems, chemical handling, dose control, sampling, testing, monitoring, safety, and operational troubleshooting.
Learn how drinking water operators investigate taste and odor problems and how advanced treatment processes such as adsorption, membranes, ion exchange, advanced oxidation, and biological treatment can address difficult contaminants.
Learn how drinking water plants generate, collect, thicken, dewater, recycle, store, and dispose of treatment residuals, filter backwash water, spent media, and other process wastes.